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Plerixafor
AMD3100, Mozobil
CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonist
Evidence Score
20
Plerixafor (AMD3100/Mozobil; Sanofi) is a small-molecule bicyclam antagonist of CXCR4 — the G protein-coupled chemokine receptor for CXCL12 (SDF-1). FDA-approved for hematopoietic stem cell mobilization in combination with G-CSF, plerixafor competes with CXCL12 for the CXCR4 binding site, blocking CXCR4-mediated signaling through Gαi and β-arrestin pathways and abolishing CXCL12-directed chemotaxis. SDH-deficient tumor mechanistic rationale: SDH loss → succinate accumulation → PHD inhibition → constitutive HIF-1α/2α stabilization (pseudohypoxia). HIF-1α transcriptionally activates CXCR4 via hypoxia-response elements (HREs) in its promoter — a mechanism rigorously established by Staller et al. in VHL-deficient renal cell carcinoma (Nature 2003, PMID 13679920). VHL-deficient RCC and SDH-deficient tumors share an identical pseudohypoxic HIF-1α stabilization mechanism (VHL loss or SDH loss → PHD inhibition → HIF-1α escape from proteasomal degradation), making the VHL/HIF→CXCR4 axis directly applicable to SDH-deficient pseudohypoxic tumors. CXCR4 overexpression — driven constitutively by HIF-1α in SDH-deficient cells — promotes chemotactic tumor cell migration toward CXCL12-rich organ microenvironments: bone marrow stroma, lymph node cortex, liver sinusoids, and lung parenchyma. These are precisely the metastatic homing sites documented in SDHB-deficient paraganglioma/pheochromocytoma, which carries metastatic risk of 30–70% — the highest of all SDH-deficient tumor types. CXCR4 signaling at metastatic sites additionally activates PI3K/AKT, MAPK/ERK, and JAK/STAT3 to support survival and proliferation of disseminated tumor cells. Plerixafor-mediated CXCR4 blockade aims to disrupt CXCL12-directed metastatic chemotaxis in HIF-high SDHB-deficient PPGL, potentially reducing metastatic dissemination or mobilizing metastasized cells out of protective niches (by analogy to its mobilization mechanism in the bone marrow hematopoietic niche). Key limitation: No published experimental data test plerixafor or CXCR4 inhibition in any SDH-deficient cell line, animal model, or patient cohort. The CXCR4/CXCL12 mechanism in SDH-deficient tumors is a direct extrapolation from VHL/HIF biology (PMID 13679920) — logically sound given the shared pseudohypoxic HIF-1α mechanism, but without SDH-specific experimental validation. Evidence_score 20 (theoretical, lower range) reflects mechanistic plausibility anchored by the VHL/HIF→CXCR4 literature, without direct SDH-specific data or clinical data in this indication. tumor_type_applicability restricted to ['ppgl'] because SDHB-deficient PPGL has the highest metastatic burden and thus the clearest clinical rationale for anti-metastatic CXCR4 blockade.
Succinate accumulation inhibits PHD enzymes, stabilizing HIF-1α and HIF-2α regardless of oxygen levels. This drives angiogenesis (VEGF), metabolic reprogramming (glycolysis shift), and growth factor signaling.
Upstream event:
Succinate inhibits PHD1/2/3 (α-KG-dependent dioxygenases)
Downstream effects:
Constitutive HIF-1α stabilization in SDH-deficient pseudohypoxic tumors transcriptionally activates CXCR4, the chemokine receptor for the CXCL12/SDF-1 gradient — a mechanism first described in VHL-deficient RCC (same pseudohypoxic phenotype) by Staller et al. (Nature 2003, PMID 13679920). CXCR4 overexpression drives chemotactic migration toward CXCL12-rich microenvironments (bone marrow, lymph nodes, vascular niches), mediating metastatic homing and dissemination. This pathway is pharmacologically targetable by plerixafor (AMD3100/Mozobil), an FDA-approved CXCR4 antagonist already in clinical use for stem cell mobilization.
Upstream event:
SDH loss → succinate → PHD inhibition → HIF-1α stabilization → HRE-driven CXCR4 transcriptional upregulation → CXCL12 gradient-directed chemotaxis → metastatic dissemination to CXCL12-rich organ niches
Downstream effects:
CXCR4
C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4
G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) for the CXCL12 (SDF-1) chemokine ligand. CXCR4 expression is transcriptionally regulated by HIF-1α via hypoxia-response elements (HREs) in its promoter, establishing a direct link between pseudohypoxic HIF-1α stabilization and chemokine-directed metastatic behavior. The VHL/HIF→CXCR4 axis was defined by Staller et al. (Nature 2003, PMID 13679920) in VHL-deficient renal cell carcinoma — the same pseudohypoxic HIF-1α stabilization mechanism operative in SDH-deficient tumors. Upon CXCL12 binding, CXCR4 signals through Gαi, Gβγ, and β-arrestin pathways to activate PI3K/AKT, MAPK/ERK, and JAK/STAT3 — promoting chemotactic migration toward CXCL12-rich organ microenvironments (bone marrow stroma, lymph node cortex, lung parenchyma), survival signaling, and proliferation at metastatic sites. Relevance to SDH-deficient PPGL: SDHB-mutant paraganglioma/pheochromocytoma carries the highest metastatic risk among SDH-deficient tumor types (~30–70% of SDHB-mutant cases develop metastatic disease). Constitutive HIF-1α-driven CXCR4 overexpression (through the SDH→succinate→PHD→HIF-1α pseudohypoxia pathway) may contribute to the characteristic organotropism of metastatic SDHB PPGL toward bone, lymph nodes, and liver — each a CXCL12-rich microenvironment. Drug target: Plerixafor (AMD3100/Mozobil; Sanofi) is an FDA-approved bicyclam CXCR4 antagonist that competitively inhibits CXCL12 binding and downstream CXCR4 signaling, approved for hematopoietic stem cell mobilization (NCT00186966). Clinical-stage repositioning rationale: CXCR4 antagonism to disrupt CXCL12-driven metastatic chemotaxis in HIF-high, pseudohypoxic SDHB-deficient PPGL.
UniProt: P61073
Tumor Type Applicability
Approved Indications
- Hematopoietic stem cell mobilization in combination with G-CSF in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma and multiple myeloma (FDA-approved 2008; NCT00186966)
Evidence from PubMed, OpenTargets, and ChEMBL will appear here once external data integration is enabled.
Coming in Phase 3
For research exploration only — not medical advice. Consult your doctor before acting on any information.
Have Claude analyze this drug's repurposing potential for SDH-deficient diseases.