Metformin
Glucophage
Biguanide / Complex I inhibitor / AMPK activator
Evidence Score
40
Inhibits mitochondrial Complex I, activates AMPK, and inhibits mTOR signaling. In SDH-deficient cells already lacking Complex II, additional Complex I inhibition may further disrupt mitochondrial metabolism. AMPK activation opposes mTOR-driven growth.
Metabolic reprogramming from SDH loss activates the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling axis, promoting cell growth, proliferation, and survival. Multiple upstream inputs converge on mTOR.
Upstream event:
HIF-mediated growth factor signaling + metabolic stress + AMPK dysregulation
Downstream effects:
Complex II dysfunction causes electron leak in the electron transport chain, increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS). This drives DNA damage but also creates a therapeutic vulnerability.
Upstream event:
Impaired electron flow through Complex II → electron leak
Downstream effects:
MTOR
Mechanistic target of rapamycin
Central growth/metabolism regulator activated downstream of SDH loss. Target of everolimus and temsirolimus.
UniProt: P42345
Approved Indications
- Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Evidence from PubMed, OpenTargets, and ChEMBL will appear here once external data integration is enabled.
Coming in Phase 3
Have Claude analyze this drug's repurposing potential for SDH-deficient diseases.